dijous, 15 de març del 2012
dijous, 9 de febrer del 2012
Do-it-yourself deportation
One of my happiest childhood memories is of my parents at my First Communion. But that's because most of my memories from that time are of their being absent. They weren't there for my elementary school graduation, or for parent-teacher conferences.
From the time I was just a baby in Mexico, I lived with my grandparents while my parents traveled to other Mexican states to find work. I was 6 in 2000 when they left for the United States. And it took five years before they had steady jobs and were able to send for me. We've been together in this country ever since, working to build a life. Now I am 17 and a senior in high school in New York City. But my parents have left again, this time to return to Mexico.
Last week, when asked in a debate what America should do about the 11 million undocumented immigrants living here, Mitt Romney said he favored ''self-deportation.'' He presented the strategy as a kinder alternative to just arresting people. Instead, he said, immigrants will ''decide they can do better by going home because they can't find work here.''
But really this goes along with a larger movement in states like Arizona and Alabama to pass very tough laws against immigrants in an attempt to make their lives so unbearable that they have no choice but to leave. People have called for denying work, education and even medical treatment to immigrants without documentation; many immigrants have grown afraid of even going to the store or to church.
The United States is supposed to be a great country that welcomes all kinds of people. Does Mr. Romney really think that this should be America's solution for immigration reform?
You could say that my parents have self-deported, and that it was partly a result of their working conditions. It's not that they couldn't find work, but that they couldn't find decent work. My dad collected scrap metal from all over the city, gathering copper and steel from construction sites, garbage dumps and old houses. He earned $90 a day, but there was only enough work for him to do it once or twice a week. My mom worked at a laundromat six days a week, from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m., for $70 a day.
But the main reason they had to leave was personal. I have a brother, 16, a year younger than me, still living in Mexico. He was too little to cross the border with me when I came to the United States, and as the government has cracked down on immigration in the years since, the crossing has become more expensive and much more dangerous. And there was no hope of his getting a green card, as none of us have one either. So he stayed with my grandparents, but last year my grandmother died and two weeks ago my grandfather also died. My parents were confronted with a dilemma: Leave one child alone in New York City, or leave the other alone in Mexico. They decided they had to go back to Mexico.
Now once again I am missing my parents. I know it was very difficult for them to leave me here, worrying about how I will survive because I'm studying instead of earning money working. I'm living with my uncles, but it is hard for my mother to know that I'm coming home to a table with no dinner on it, where there had been dinner before. And it's hard for me not having my parents to talk to, not being able to ask for advice that as a teenager you need. Now that they are in Mexico, I wonder who will be at my graduation, my volleyball games or my birthday? With whom will I share my joy or my sad moments?
I know a girl named Guadalupe, whose parents have also decided to return to Mexico, because they can't find work here and rent in New York City is very expensive. She is very smart and wants to be the first in her family to attend college, and she wants to study psychology. But even though she has lived here for years and finished high school with a 90 percent average, she, like me, does not have immigration papers, and so does not qualify for financial aid and can't get a scholarship.
People like Guadalupe and me are staying in this country because we have faith that America will live up to its promise as a fair and just country. We hope that there will be comprehensive immigration reform, with a path to citizenship for people who have spent years living and working here.
When reform happens, our families may be able to come back, and if not, at least we will be able to visit them without the risk of never being able to return to our lives here.
We hope that the Dream Act - which would let undocumented immigrants who came here as children go to college and become citizens and which has stalled in Congress - will pass so that we can get an education and show that even though we are immigrants we can succeed in this country.
If, instead, the political climate gets more and more anti-immigrant, eventually some immigrants will give up hope for America and return to their home countries, like my parents did. But I don't think this is something that our presidential candidates should encourage or be proud of.
Immigrants have made this country great. We are not looking for a free ride, but instead we are willing to work as hard as we can to show that we deserve to be here and to be treated like first-class citizens. Deportation, and ''self-deportation,'' will result only in dividing families and driving them into the shadows. In America, teenagers shouldn't have to go through what I'm going through.
From the time I was just a baby in Mexico, I lived with my grandparents while my parents traveled to other Mexican states to find work. I was 6 in 2000 when they left for the United States. And it took five years before they had steady jobs and were able to send for me. We've been together in this country ever since, working to build a life. Now I am 17 and a senior in high school in New York City. But my parents have left again, this time to return to Mexico.
Last week, when asked in a debate what America should do about the 11 million undocumented immigrants living here, Mitt Romney said he favored ''self-deportation.'' He presented the strategy as a kinder alternative to just arresting people. Instead, he said, immigrants will ''decide they can do better by going home because they can't find work here.''
But really this goes along with a larger movement in states like Arizona and Alabama to pass very tough laws against immigrants in an attempt to make their lives so unbearable that they have no choice but to leave. People have called for denying work, education and even medical treatment to immigrants without documentation; many immigrants have grown afraid of even going to the store or to church.
The United States is supposed to be a great country that welcomes all kinds of people. Does Mr. Romney really think that this should be America's solution for immigration reform?
You could say that my parents have self-deported, and that it was partly a result of their working conditions. It's not that they couldn't find work, but that they couldn't find decent work. My dad collected scrap metal from all over the city, gathering copper and steel from construction sites, garbage dumps and old houses. He earned $90 a day, but there was only enough work for him to do it once or twice a week. My mom worked at a laundromat six days a week, from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m., for $70 a day.
But the main reason they had to leave was personal. I have a brother, 16, a year younger than me, still living in Mexico. He was too little to cross the border with me when I came to the United States, and as the government has cracked down on immigration in the years since, the crossing has become more expensive and much more dangerous. And there was no hope of his getting a green card, as none of us have one either. So he stayed with my grandparents, but last year my grandmother died and two weeks ago my grandfather also died. My parents were confronted with a dilemma: Leave one child alone in New York City, or leave the other alone in Mexico. They decided they had to go back to Mexico.
Now once again I am missing my parents. I know it was very difficult for them to leave me here, worrying about how I will survive because I'm studying instead of earning money working. I'm living with my uncles, but it is hard for my mother to know that I'm coming home to a table with no dinner on it, where there had been dinner before. And it's hard for me not having my parents to talk to, not being able to ask for advice that as a teenager you need. Now that they are in Mexico, I wonder who will be at my graduation, my volleyball games or my birthday? With whom will I share my joy or my sad moments?
I know a girl named Guadalupe, whose parents have also decided to return to Mexico, because they can't find work here and rent in New York City is very expensive. She is very smart and wants to be the first in her family to attend college, and she wants to study psychology. But even though she has lived here for years and finished high school with a 90 percent average, she, like me, does not have immigration papers, and so does not qualify for financial aid and can't get a scholarship.
People like Guadalupe and me are staying in this country because we have faith that America will live up to its promise as a fair and just country. We hope that there will be comprehensive immigration reform, with a path to citizenship for people who have spent years living and working here.
When reform happens, our families may be able to come back, and if not, at least we will be able to visit them without the risk of never being able to return to our lives here.
We hope that the Dream Act - which would let undocumented immigrants who came here as children go to college and become citizens and which has stalled in Congress - will pass so that we can get an education and show that even though we are immigrants we can succeed in this country.
If, instead, the political climate gets more and more anti-immigrant, eventually some immigrants will give up hope for America and return to their home countries, like my parents did. But I don't think this is something that our presidential candidates should encourage or be proud of.
Immigrants have made this country great. We are not looking for a free ride, but instead we are willing to work as hard as we can to show that we deserve to be here and to be treated like first-class citizens. Deportation, and ''self-deportation,'' will result only in dividing families and driving them into the shadows. In America, teenagers shouldn't have to go through what I'm going through.
Antonio Alarcón
diumenge, 5 de febrer del 2012
España se olvida del ratopín milagro
Los científicos españoles no estudian al asombroso roedor que revoluciona algunos laboratorios en EEUU por su aparente inmunidad al cáncer y su extrema longevidad
Suena un quinteto para piano de Schubert. Los ratopines rasurados corretean sin parar por un laberinto de cemento moldeable. La música cambia a una ópera de Donizetti. Dos bichos se encuentran frente a frente en un túnel estrecho. Sólo cabe uno. Es un sistema de castas. Sin lucha, el inferior deja que el dominante le pase por encima. Y suena Chopin.
Así han vivido desde 2008 los primeros ratopines rasurados que llegaron a España. "Les ponemos Radio Clásica porque los manuales de manejo recomiendan que se acostumbren a un sonido familiar", explica Agustín López Goya, director de Biología de Faunia, el parque zoológico madrileño donde se exhiben los ratopines. Llegaron diez desde el Zoo de San Diego (EEUU). Ahora son 28. "Desde que se estableció el grupo no ha muerto ninguno", subraya López Goya.
No es extraño. El ratopín, también conocido como rata topo desnuda africana, es un animal milagroso. Vive bajo los pies de millones de personas que sufren hambruna, en Somalia, Etiopía y Kenia. Pero el ratopín no muere tan fácilmente. Parece inmune al cáncer. Además, es el matusalén de los roedores. Un ratón, de tamaño similar y con el 98% de los genes idénticos, vive unos tres años de media. El ratopín alcanza los 30 años. Y soporta el ácido sin dolor. Y el picante extremo de una guindilla. Vive en un mundo subterráneo con muy poco oxígeno y una sobredosis de CO2. Tan pancho. Y es el único mamífero conocido que es eusocial, como las hormigas y las abejas.
Un caso "insólito"
Todos viven para la reina, en una monarquía absoluta con criadas, soldados y obreros. Hasta comparten comida. En laboratorio, han superado pruebas de altruismo que muchos humanos hubieran suspendido. López Goya, biólogo responsable de Faunia y también del Zoo Aquarium de Madrid, se conoce al dedillo las biografías de las mil especies que gestiona. Ha visto pocas como la rata topo. "Es un caso insólito", asegura.
El ratopín, como una salchicha arrugada de diez centímetros, es un bicho muy feo, pero en sus intríngulis moleculares podrían esconderse las recetas para aumentar la longevidad de los seres humanos, y para garantizarles una vida sin cáncer y sin dolor.
El bioquímico Vadim Gladyshev es el coordinador del equipo de científicos que secuenció en octubre de 2011 el libro de instrucciones del ratopín: su genoma. Cada día recibe emails de todo el mundo. "Está claro que hay cientos de investigadores analizando el genoma", calcula. Gladyshev, de la Harvard Medical School, en Boston (EEUU), explica que, aparentemente, los ratopines no pueden sufrir cáncer, pero tampoco diabetes u osteoporosis. Su equipo hurga en los genes de la especie para saber por qué. "Creemos que los hallazgos se podrán trasladar a los humanos, pero se tardará años", admite.
La rata topo es una sensación en algunos laboratorios de EEUU y Reino Unido desde hace una década, pero no ha llegado a los españoles. En la Sociedad Española para las Ciencias del Animal de Laboratorio (SECAL) no consta ningún equipo de investigación trabajando con estos roedores. Según López Goya, nuestro país sólo cuenta con los de Faunia, que se pueden visitar, y otros pocos en el parque zoológico valenciano Bioparc, que por falta de aclimatación no están a la vista del público. La ciencia española, de momento, olvida al animal milagroso.
Los investigadores españoles consultados desmontan los portentos del ratopín. El dogma de que es inmune al cáncer está extendido, pero nadie lo ha demostrado, argumentan. En realidad, poquísimos centros de investigación en el mundo estudian los prodigios del ratopín. Se sabe extremadamente poco sobre él si se compara con el ratón de laboratorio, cuyo genoma recitan los científicos como un hafiz musulmán canta de memoria el texto del Corán.
Enemigo del laboratorio
"No hay nada especial en contra de investigar con este animal", explica Manuel Serrano, jefe del grupo de Supresión Tumoral en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), uno de los más punteros del mundo. "La investigación en cáncer, envejecimiento y enfermedades humanas está centrada en un 99% en el ratón, eso le da a este modelo animal una ventaja abismal sobre cualquier otro", subraya.
Estudiar al ratopín supone empezar de cero. Es como viajar al extranjero sin un diccionario de idiomas. Además, como destaca el biólogo Javier de Miguel Águeda, de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, "sus condiciones de vida son muy peculiares", lo que complica su estudio en un laboratorio. Frente a los ratones, que apenas necesitan cuidados, los ratopines exigen hacer obras. Son subterráneos. Necesitan horadar constantemente y huyen de la luz. Son, en resumen, la antítesis del animal de laboratorio.
De Miguel Águeda estudió, durante un breve periodo de tiempo, el comportamiento de los ratopines llegados a Madrid en 2008. "Es el único mamífero que vive como los insectos sociales", señala. Una hembra secreta feromonas y anula las capacidades de cría de las demás. Es un golpe de Estado químico. Una vez que ha escogido un consorte o varios, la reina, de mayor tamaño, impone su ley recurriendo incluso a la agresión física. Los soldados vigilan la madriguera para evitar que entren en ella las serpientes del Cuerno de África. Los obreros limpian los túneles. Y todos agachan la cabeza cuando la reina pasa. Pero esta dictadura es asombrosamente altruista.
Las hembras de ratopín tienen 12 mamas, pero pueden parir hasta 28 crías. El caso pulveriza el esquema mental que afirma que, en los mamíferos, una camada no puede ser mucho mayor que el número de mamas. Pero, aunque falten pezones para chupar, no hay peleas. Todo es paz en el mundo del ratopín. "Las madres pueden sacar adelante más crías de las que le caben en el pecho y en el abdomen, pero las crías no se pelean por los pezones porque la madre dispone de mucha leche para alimentarlos, ya que no tiene que gastar energía para buscar alimento o defenderse", explica el etólogo Paul W. Sherman, de la Universidad de Cornell (EEUU), que lleva observando a las ratas topo desde la década de 1990. "Son extremadamente sociables", resume.
Marcha atrás
El biólogo estadounidense Thomas Park es de los que cree que el ratopín puede revolucionar la medicina. Este profesor de la Universidad de Illinois en Chicago busca desde hace años los mecanismos por los que el tejido cerebral de la rata topo puede soportar la falta extrema de oxígeno hasta media hora, mucho más que otros mamíferos. Park cree que su investigación podrá beneficiar "a cualquier persona que sufra una falta de oxígeno en el cerebro, particularmente las víctimas de un infarto o un ictus cerebral, donde la lesión corta el riego de sangre oxigenada al cerebro". ¿Cuándo? "Buena pregunta. La respuesta es que no lo sé", admite.
Park acaba de publicar en la revista Neuroscience Letters novedades sobre estas "fascinantes criaturas". Su equipo ha observado que las células cerebrales de las ratas topo adultas se comportan en ciertos aspectos como las de los mamíferos en edad infantil. En otros mamíferos, detalla Park, las células cerebrales presentan "poros diminutos" que regulan cuánto calcio puede entrar. Una pequeña cantidad de calcio es positiva, pero el exceso es mortífero.
Cuando el oxígeno escasea en el cerebro de un mamífero adulto, estos poros se abren y una enorme cantidad de calcio invade la célula hasta que la mata. Sin embargo, en los animales recién nacidos, los poros se cierran cuando falta el oxígeno, protegiendo a la célula. "Hemos descubierto que la molécula en este poro del calcio que es responsable de la protección en los recién nacidos también está presente en las ratas topo adultas, pero no en los adultos de otras especies", celebra el biólogo.
Park es afortunado. La extrema longevidad de las ratas topo no afecta a su investigación. Sin embargo, los científicos interesados en estudiar el envejecimiento del ratopín tienen que esperar 30 años a que se hagan viejos. "¡No existe una empresa que te venda estos roedores con 25 años de edad!", lamenta un investigador español. El increíble don de la rata topo es su talón de Aquiles en el laboratorio. Pero tiene más dones. Los ratopines, por ejemplo, pueden correr hacia detrás a la misma velocidad que hacia delante. Es sólo una curiosidad, pero también es asombrosa.
(5/02/12 - Público)
dijous, 26 de gener del 2012
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